[RyuJIT] Div then Mod (or viceversa) executes idiv twice instead of using the value in the register

Found this trying to optimize a very low level memory addressing algorithm. Suddenly I noticed that we were doing the idiv twice.

Repro on rc2-16551:

  public class Program
    {
        public long Dividend;

        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.NoInlining)]
        public long Run(long parameter)
        {
            long div = parameter / Dividend;
            long mod = parameter % Dividend;

            return div + mod;
        }

        public static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Random r = new Random();

            var p = new Program();
            p.Dividend = 10;

            long value = p.Run(203);
            Console.WriteLine($"{value}");
            Console.ReadLine();
        }
    }

will output (in x64 but will also happen in x86):

00007FF8E8EC3C83  mov         rcx,qword ptr [rcx+8]  
00007FF8E8EC3C87  mov         rax,r8          // 2 instructions to prepare for idiv. 
00007FF8E8EC3C8A  cqo                    
00007FF8E8EC3C8C  idiv        rax,rcx         // parameter / Dividend
00007FF8E8EC3C8F  mov         r9,rax          // r9:= divResult 
00007FF8E8EC3C92  mov         rax,r8          // 2 instructions to prepare for idiv. 
00007FF8E8EC3C95  cqo  
00007FF8E8EC3C97  idiv        rax,rcx         //  parameter / Dividend
00007FF8E8EC3C9A  lea         rax,[r9+rdx]    // rax := divResult + modulus

this could be written as:

00007FF8E8EC3C83  mov         rcx,qword ptr [rcx+8]  
00007FF8E8EC3C87  mov         rax,r8          // 2 instructions to prepare for idiv. 
00007FF8E8EC3C8A  cqo                    
00007FF8E8EC3C8C  idiv        rax,rcx         //  parameter / Dividend
00007FF8E8EC3C92  add         rax,rdx         //  rax := divResult + modulus

This is pretty common in addressing modes or accessing matrix locations, etc. Everywhere you have a row and a column, you will have such an structure.

category:cq
theme:div-mod-rem
skill-level:expert
cost:large
impact:medium

Related to #4155

This is pretty common in addressing modes or accessing matrix locations, etc. Everywhere you have a row and a column, you will have such an structure.

Div and mod have nothing to do with addressing, that's always done with add and mul. You're probably talking about something else.

Div and mod have nothing to do with addressing, that's always done with add and mul. You're probably talking about something else.

Div and mod are pretty useful to recover row/column information from indices:

int index = row * width + col;
...
int row = index / width;
int col = index % width;

Mostly when you are treating a singular array as a 2D array (eg. through usage of Bitmap.LockBits).
That said, it's not very common, but not extremely rare either.

@mikedn

@mikedn It is if you are working with stride based binary structures as @JanielS mentioned. I would mention too, that when you are dealing with building data structures using memory maps (therefore unsafe code), it is a pretty common thing to happen.

@mikedn

@mikedn Actually this is a duplicate of #4155. I would have never though about calling it DivRem that's why I havent found it.

@CarolEidt Is the limitation of using multiple registers per single instruction still relevant?

Yes, the multiple register issue is still relevant, but likely something we will soon be addressing.

@JanielS

It is if you are working with stride based binary structures as @JanielS mentioned.

What @JanielS shows is not so common and certainly not related to the notion of "addressing modes" as used in compilers. More generally, accessing matrix elements has nothing to do with division and modulo. The offset of a matrix element is simply row * stride + column. Sure, there may be special/unusual/whatever cases that requires division and modulo but it's a long way from such cases to "Everywhere you have a row and a column, you will have such an structure.".

@mikedn

@mikedn They are just two sides of the same coin.

AbsolutePosition := row * stride + column

and

row := AbsolutePosition / TotalColumns
column = AbsolutePosition % TotalColumns

Putting all in the context of the assembly/compiler use is why you are seeing it as special/unusual, where it is not. This pattern is usually hidden in plain sight, it is so common and used, that is very easy to overlook. Only in certain places you will see both together because that means you are trying to retrieve both values at the same time instead of accessing it using a for loop.

@AndyAyersMS

Any update on if we are going to see this anytime soon?

And the code that generates it.

This is actual code I cannot get away with, I will probably try to tweak it to reduce dependencies, but that's it. This is killing me, if I can get even 5% would be a huge win. :)

EDIT: All the program in context (marked in red address translations - div/mod heavy

)

cc @AndyAyersMS

Does BlocksPerPage change often? I would guess that it doesn't, it's fixed for a given BTree. If that's the case then you could use reciprocal division, it would likely be better than the JIT removing a redundant idiv.

@mikedn

@mikedn That's a great idea, I can probably pack 8 to 10 multiplications before paying for an idiv even more with 2 of them, I can do almost whatever I want and still probably win. Do you have any good resource on how to efficiently deal with a "sorta" fixed (but not constant) divisor?

Before eliminating division you should eliminate the reminder. n % d is simply n - (n / d) * d. You already have n / d so to compute % you only need a - and a * and these are very cheap compared to %. Come to think of it, the JIT could probably do this automatically if it turns out that removing the redundant idiv is problematic due to the multiple register issue.

Now, getting rid of the division completely may or may not be feasible. For a given denominator you have to store 2 numbers somewhere - a "magic" number and a shift count. Computing these 2 numbers is expensive so if you can't store them somewhere this won't work.

The exacts details can be found here, in the "Exact division by constants" section. To make your life easier you could simply pick up existing code from a compiler. RyuJIT has an implementation and I extracted it here.

It's not as fast as I hoped but it's still ~1.5x faster than division. The code generated by the compiler when the denominator is actually a constant is faster (3x) but that's expected, for example that code doesn't have to deal with positive/negative magic numbers at runtime.

Note that this implementation only works for positive numbers, supporting negative numbers makes MagicDiv more complicated and probably slower.

@mikedn

@mikedn I can do that on tree creation and just store it and be done with it :).

Before eliminating division you should eliminate the reminder. n % d is simply n - (n / d) * d. You already have n / d so to compute % you only need a - and a * and these are very cheap compared to %. Come to think of it, the JIT could probably do this automatically if it turns out that removing the redundant idiv is problematic due to the multiple register issue.

Until there's a solution for this in the JIT, should:
https://github.com/dotnet/coreclr/blob/f8b8b6ab80f1c5b30cc04676ca2e084ce200161e/src/mscorlib/src/System/Math.cs#L733
be changed from:

public static long DivRem(long a, long b, out long result)
{
    result = a % b;
    return a / b;
}

to:

public static long DivRem(long a, long b, out long result)
{
    long div = a / b;
    result = a - (div * b);
    return div;
}

? (And the same for the Int32 overload.)

@stephentoub

@stephentoub Yes, it should. I can confirm that the performance of using the multiplication in the second case (in my case) has been huge.

@pentp

@pentp Would RuntimeHelpers.IsKnownConstant help with that?

Probably yes, but for long/ulong needs #67285 (or part of it).

Related: #4155

More optimized remainder calculation

More optimized remainder calculation (#273)

Add some TODO dotnet#5213 comments for

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[RyuJIT] Div then Mod (or viceversa) executes idiv twice instead of using the value in the register #5213

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[RyuJIT] Div then Mod (or viceversa) executes idiv twice instead of using the value in the register #5213

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mikedn commented on Mar 1, 2016

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