ascent

Effect-native reactive UI for Scala 3. ascent renders straight to the DOM — no virtual DOM, no diffing — building a pure UI tree once, then surgically patching the exact node, attribute, or child-list behind each reactive boundary. The substrate is ZIO, so effects, typed errors, and resource-safe lifecycles are first-class rather than bolted on: you build your UI the way you build the rest of your ZIO app.

Status: early / pre-1.0. Published under early-semver (versionScheme := "early-semver") — the API can change between minor versions until 1.0. See Status.

import ascent.*
import ascent.dsl.*

val counter =
  for count <- sq(0)
  yield E.div(
    E.button(Ev.onClick(_ => count.update(_ - 1)), "-"),
    E.span(count.map(_.toString)),                       // only this text node re-renders
    E.button(Ev.onClick(_ => count.update(_ + 1)), "+"),
  )

---

Why ascent

Conventional virtual-DOM frameworks re-render a subtree and diff it on every change — which rebuilds nodes that didn't change and, in practice, loses input focus and caret position on every keystroke. ascent takes the opposite approach: the UI is a value, reactive values (Squawks) mark the boundaries that can change, and the engine touches only those boundaries. A <li> that isn't changing is never rebuilt; an <input> you're typing into keeps its focus and selection.

Three things it optimizes for:

• Developer ergonomics — a terse, two-import DSL that reads like the HTML it produces.
• Type safety — elements, attributes, ARIA, events, and CSS are all typed; mismatches are compile errors, not runtime surprises.
• An effect system you can lean on — Squawk and the optional conduit state integration are ZIO all the way down, so state, side effects, and teardown compose with for.

---

Developer ergonomics

A view file needs exactly two imports:

import ascent.*        // elements, attrs, aria, events, css authoring, Ctx, Squawk, … + aliases
import ascent.dsl.*    // the builder DSL: el/attr `apply`, when / forEach / scoped / fragment

import ascent.* unions whatever ascent modules are on your classpath (it's an open package shared across the jars), so you never reach into ascent.domtypes / ascent.css / ascent.js by hand. Both the descriptive names and short aliases are available — pick whichever reads best:

Alias	Full name	Example
E	Elements	E.div, E.input
A	Attrs	A.className, A.`type`
Aria	AriaAttrs	Aria.role, Aria.ariaLabel
Ev	TypedEvents	Ev.onClick, Ev.onInput
S	Styles	S.color, S.padding.px(8)

Elements, attributes, and children compose through one uniform apply. A bare String becomes a text node; a Squawk[String] becomes a reactive text node; an attribute key applied to a Squawk becomes a reactive attribute — all without ceremony:

E.label(
  A.className("title"),
  Ev.onDblClick(_ => startEditing),
  todoText,                          // Squawk[String] → live-updating text node
)

Control flow is just functions that return UI:

when(isEditing)(editor)              // reactive: mounts/unmounts as the Squawk[Boolean] flips
forEach(items)(_.id)(renderRow)      // keyed list: reuses DOM nodes across reorders

Type safety

Everything you place in the tree is typed against the real web platform — the catalogs are generated from the vendored W3C webref data (no npm, pinned snapshot), so they track the actual spec:

• Attributes carry their value type and codec. A.checked is AttrKey[Boolean], A.autofocus encodes as a presence flag, Aria.ariaPressed serializes to "true"/"false". Passing the wrong type doesn't compile.
• Events are typed. Ev.onClick hands your handler a dom.PointerEvent, Ev.onKeyDown a dom.KeyboardEvent — no js.Dynamic casts at the call site. For the common two-way-binding needs there's an ergonomic, platform-neutral event with targetValue / key:

  Events.onInput(e => setDraft(e.targetValue.getOrElse("")))
  Events.onKeyDown(e => if e.key.contains("Enter") then submit else ZIO.unit)

• CSS is typed too. S.padding.px(8), S.display.flex, S.color.rgba(255, 0, 170, 0.6) — typed value grammars per property, with class names derived automatically:

  object Card extends CssClass(S.padding.px(16), Selector(":hover", S.color("cyan")))
  E.div(Card.toAttr, "hello")

• Void elements reject children at compile time, and the DOM facade (ascent.dom) is our own typed @js.native layer — ascent does not depend on scalajs-dom.

The effect system, and conduit integration

Squawk[A] is ascent's reactive value-over-time. Constructing a mutable source is an effect (sq(0): UIO[Source[Int]]); set / update / observe are effects; map and derived combinators are pure and lazy, so the DSL stays clean. Changes are deduped by a pluggable Eq[A] — an Eq-equal write is a no-op, so observers never see spurious updates. Every reactive boundary registers a paired teardown; nothing leaks when a subtree unmounts.

For application state, ascent ships an optional bridge to conduit, a ZIO-based unidirectional, lens-keyed immutable store. Because both sides are ZIO, the bridge composes natively — and views never see conduit at all. A view receives a Ctx[M] handle and speaks two verbs: read a reactive slice, dispatch an action.

def component(ctx: Ctx[TodoApp.Model]) =
  for draft <- ctx.squawk(_.draft)               // reactive Squawk of a (possibly nested) slice
  yield E.input(
    A.value(draft),
    Events.onInput(e => ctx(TodoApp.Action.SetDraft(e.targetValue.getOrElse("")))),
  )

Ctx exposes the full power of conduit's optics as plain field paths — nested reach (ctx.squawk(_.a.b.c)), whole-model (ctx.model), one-shot reads (ctx.read(_.path)), and element-scoped subscriptions for collections:

forEach(visible)(_.id) { t =>
  scoped {                                        // opens a ZIO Scope tied to this row's lifetime
    ctx.squawkKey(_.todos, t.id).map { item =>    // subscribes to just this map entry
      TodoItem.render(ctx)(t.id, item.map(_.getOrElse(t)))
    }
  }                                               // row leaves → Scope closes → listener unsubscribes
}

A change to a sibling key never wakes this row, and a churning list never accumulates dead listeners — the scoped { … } boundary (a zio.Scope) guarantees the conduit subscription is released exactly when the row unmounts. Application state and actions live in one model file; view files import only ascent.*.

---

Installation

ascent is published to Maven Central under the rocks.earlyeffect group. It's cross-built for JVM, Scala.js, and Scala Native, so use %%% (which picks the right platform artifact) in a sbt-crossproject / Scala.js / Native build:

libraryDependencies += "rocks.earlyeffect" %%% "ascent-core" % "<version>"  // Squawk + UI AST + DSL (all platforms)
libraryDependencies += "rocks.earlyeffect" %%% "ascent-js"   % "<version>"  // browser mount engine (Scala.js)
libraryDependencies += "rocks.earlyeffect" %%% "ascent-css"  % "<version>"  // typed CSS-in-Scala (all platforms)

Other modules follow the same ascent-<module> naming (e.g. ascent-html, ascent-conduit, ascent-datastar) — see the module table below. On a plain JVM-only build use %% instead of %%%.

Local preview (ascent-preview)

ascent-preview is a published JVM library (static files + SSE tab reload). Sibling projects (Specular docs, Preactile, any splice+preview app) should depend on it rather than rolling a file server. The command is the same everywhere:

sbt todoConduitJS/ascentPreview   # example app → http://localhost:8765
sbt docs/ascentPreview            # this repo's docs site (auto port; URL printed in the terminal)

ascentPreview starts Preview, prints the URL, and watches sources. From a terminal (sbt <module>/ascentPreview) it stays in the foreground until interrupt (Ctrl-C). Typed at an sbt prompt, it returns so tests and compiles still run; stop with <module>/ascentPreviewStop (or exit). Save a .scala file (or index.html): the served tree rebuilds, assets/dev-stamp is rewritten, and the tab reloads over /__ascent/reload. Preview does not restart. One-shot (start and return, no watch): sbt <module>/ascentPreviewOnce. Do not ~ascentPreview.

Do not sbt ~docs/Test/runReload (that kills the Preview JVM on every compile).

When a JVM app calls Preview.serve with extra routes (datastar / hybrid), keep that server up and watch the JS module with ascentPreviewAutoServe := false. Recipes: preview/README.md and the Preview docs page.

Status

ascent is early and evolving. It's well-tested (1000+ zio-test cases across JVM/JS/Native, leaning on negative and pathological cases) and used to build real apps, but pre-1.0 the API is not frozen — expect breaking changes between minor versions (that's what the early-semver scheme signals).

A few things to know before adopting:

• Some modules are low-level plumbing. ascent-dom-core, ascent-mount-engine, and ascent-dom-facade are engine internals that other modules depend on transitively — they're published so consumers resolve, not because you'll typically depend on them directly. Most apps use ascent-core + ascent-js (+ ascent-css, and ascent-conduit for state).
• Docs are Specular DocSpecs. Pages under docs/ assert under zio-test and SSR-render via specular. Browse the site at earlyeffect.rocks/ascent. Locally: sbt docs/ascentPreview (output in target/site). CI deploys on v* tags and Docs workflow_dispatch.

Run the example

example/ holds one self-contained app per subdirectory (more coming). The first, todo-conduit, is a synthwave-glass TodoMVC over conduit:

sbt todoConduitJS/ascentPreview
# open http://localhost:8765

ascentPreview stages index.html + spliceFast JS + assets/dev-stamp, then starts ascent-preview and watches sources in the background. After a .scala edit, the poller restages and the tab reloads. The sbt prompt stays free. Docs use the same command: sbt docs/ascentPreview.

Datastar and hybrid examples call Preview.serve with extra API routes so the client and API share :8080:

sbt datastarExampleJS/ascentPreview   # stage only (API server already serves the tree)
sbt datastarExampleServer/run          # http://localhost:8080

Try the TodoMVC: add todos, toggle and edit them (double-click a row), switch the All / Active / Completed filters, clear completed. Notice that editing a row preserves caret position and that toggling one item doesn't rebuild the others — that's the surgical patching.

Build & test

sbt testJVM                    # JVM suites (use testFull per module on sbt 2)
sbt todoConduitJS/ascentPreviewStage # splice + stage the example without a browser
sbt e2e/chekhovInstall && sbt e2e/testFull   # Firefox suites against splice+preview
sbt "e2e/chekhovInstall; chekhovJs/testFull"  # JSEnv typed handles (ascent-chekhov)
./scripts/install-git-hooks    # once per clone: pre-commit runs scalafmtCheckAll

Component tests (JSEnv) mount a UI and talk to nodes as InputHandle / ButtonHandle:

import ascent.*, ascent.dsl.*, ascent.chekhov.AscentChekhov.withMounted

withMounted(ui) { root =>
  root.button("inc").click *>
    root.getByTestId("count").innerText.map(t => assertTrue(t == "1"))
}

JVM ChekhovSuite uses the same lattice as tagged Playwright selectors (HtmlTag.input keeps fill off a button). Chekhov's Page.getByPlaceholder(text) already exists, so the typed call is on PageHandles (not an overloaded page.getByPlaceholder):

import ascent.HtmlTag
import ascent.chekhov.PageHandles

PageHandles.getByPlaceholder(page, "Your name", HtmlTag.input).fill("Ada")
PageHandles.getByTestId(page, "inc", HtmlTag.button).click
page.button("inc").click

ascent is built with Scala 3 and cross-compiled to JVM, Scala.js, and Scala Native via sbt-projectmatrix. The module layout:

Module	What it is
dom-types	Zero-dependency typed element / attribute / event / ARIA catalogs
core	The UI AST, the Squawk reactive primitive, and the DSL
dom-facade	Our own typed @js.native DOM facade (no scalajs-dom)
js	The DOM mount/binding engine, typed events, canvas helper
css	CSS-in-Scala authoring (typed properties, classes, at-rules)
conduit	Optional bridge to the conduit state store (Ctx[M])
history	Optional URL session as a Squawk (History / Location)
html	UI → HTML string renderer — standalone SSR (readme)
datastar	datastar protocol core + SignalStore (readme)
datastar-js	Browser datastar runtime: SSE → Squawk / DOM, action dispatch (readme)
datastar-http	Server wrapper over zio-http-datastar-sdk (readme)
preview	Static file server + SSE reload; optional extra routes / sidecar (ascent-preview) (readme)
chekhov	Typed Chekhov locators (ascent-chekhov): JSEnv live handles + JVM Page selectors
sbt-ascent-preview	enablePlugins(AscentPreviewPlugin) then sbt <module>/ascentPreview
domgen	JVM-only generator that emits the typed catalogs from W3C webref (readme)
example/*	One self-contained splice+preview app per subdir (e.g. todo-conduit)

Runtime dependencies are kept deliberately small: core needs only ZIO and the zero-dep dom-types; conduit is opt-in.

License

ascent is licensed under the Apache License 2.0.