Add example of catalog API usage (#5291)

[jaylmiller]

Which issue does this PR close?

#5291 (does not close)

Rationale for this change

A simple example can help users figure out how to use DataFusion's catalog API.

What changes are included in this PR?

Just the example.

Are these changes tested?

n/a

Are there any user-facing changes?

n/a

[alamb]

I ran cargo run --example catalog

querying table delta_binary_packed.parquet from parquet schema
+---------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+-------------------+-------------------+-------------------+-------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+-------------+
| bitwidth0           | bitwidth1 | bitwidth2 | bitwidth3 | bitwidth4 | bitwidth5 | bitwidth6 | bitwidth7 | bitwidth8 | bitwidth9 | bitwidth10 | bitwidth11 | bitwidth12 | bitwidth13 | bitwidth14 | bitwidth15 | bitwidth16 | bitwidth17 | bitwidth18 | bitwidth19 | bitwidth20 | bitwidth21 | bitwidth22 | bitwidth23 | bitwidth24 | bitwidth25 | bitwidth26 | bitwidth27 | bitwidth28 | bitwidth29 | bitwidth30 | bitwidth31  | bitwidth32  | bitwidth33  | bitwidth34  | bitwidth35   | bitwidth36   | bitwidth37   | bitwidth38    | bitwidth39    | bitwidth40    | bitwidth41     | bitwidth42     | bitwidth43     | bitwidth44     | bitwidth45      | bitwidth46      | bitwidth47      | bitwidth48       | bitwidth49       | bitwidth50       | bitwidth51        | bitwidth52        | bitwidth53        | bitwidth54        | bitwidth55         | bitwidth56         | bitwidth57         | bitwidth58          | bitwidth59          | bitwidth60          | bitwidth61           | bitwidth62           | bitwidth63           | bitwidth64           | int_value   |
+---------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+-------------------+-------------------+-------------------+-------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+-------------+
| 6374628540732951412 | 0         | 0         | 0         | 0         | 0         | 0         | 0         | 0         | 0         | 0          | 0          | 0          | 0          | 0          | 0          | 0          | 0          | 0          | 0          | 0          | 0          | 0          | 0          | 0          | 0          | 0          | 0          | 0          | 0          | 0          | 0           | 0           | 0           | 0           | 0            | 0            | 0            | 0             | 0             | 0             | 0              | 0              | 0              | 0              | 0               | 0               | 0               | 0                | 0                | 0                | 0                 | 0                 | 0                 | 0                 | 0                  | 0                  | 0                  | 0                   | 0                   | 0                   | 0                    | 0                    | 0                    | 0                    | -2070986743 |
| 6374628540732951412 | -1        | -2        | -4        | -8        | -16       | -32       | -64       | -128      | -256      | -512       | -1024      | -2048      | -4096      | -8192      | -16384     | -32768     | -65536     | -131072    | -262144    | -524288    | -1048576   | -2097152   | -4194304   | -8388608   | -16777216  | -33554432  | -67108864  | -134217728 | -268435456 | -536870912 | -1073741824 | -2147483648 | -4294967296 | -8589934592 | -17179869184 | -34359738368 | -68719476736 | -137438953472 | -274877906944 | -549755813888 | -1099511627776 | -2199023255552 | -4398046511104 | -8796093022208 | -17592186044416 | -35184372088832 | -70368744177664 | -140737488355328 | -281474976710656 | -562949953421312 | -1125899906842624 | -2251799813685248 | -4503599627370496 | -9007199254740992 | -18014398509481984 | -36028797018963968 | -72057594037927936 | -144115188075855872 | -288230376151711744 | -576460752303423488 | -1152921504606846976 | -2305843009213693952 | -4611686018427387904 | -9223372036854775808 | -22783326   |
| 6374628540732951412 | -1        | -1        | -1        | -5        | -15       | -3        | -3        | -65       | -135      | -151       | -884       | -498       | -541       | -2357      | -13235     | -5032      | -53240     | -29011     | -250328    | -472084    | -14542     | -1696277   | -1840215   | -3928478   | -7271486   | -21651755  | -32837885  | -111433329 | -241601040 | -50065479  | -163270799  | -1986952430 | -4199967586 | -1344496374 | -16288562574 | -28644417946 | -65240709120 | -70538406032  | -191624370730 | -296605683166 | -1011770835153 | -1608485630598 | -4014593275381 | -6105818392192 | -16882699520562 | -24806559006505 | -2633546645122  | -117376993649456 | -108462505318873 | -17587725526794  | -404921059206593  | -156565041626495  | -314837785970473  | -5814847697611025 | -12226190471490179 | -25585079015954934 | -15550441703940602 | -56208863042127981  | -90038694817934139  | -119581030183793765 | -506045522191644725  | -608563416973139311  | -268654784870221847  | -725202170854031360  | -1782018724 |
| 6374628540732951412 | -1        | -3        | -3        | -3        | -14       | 19        | 9         | -70       | -291      | -145       | -275       | -779       | -4047      | -8244      | -9036      | 19242      | -48154     | 57337      | -76872     | -140006    | -606577    | -1112970   | -1741237   | -9834470   | -18759951  | -6702647   | -48746571  | -75629270  | -261813622 | -372076116 | -209790348  | -1454655246 | 14148394    | 3594034401  | -22765140849 | -37447824121 | 973131962    | -184009634540 | -414171928390 | -33166024765  | -1197833965973 | -2945889030754 | -4176475312470 | -3485626798002 | -33267360685874 | -30046841485160 | -44798370319938 | -169294344644831 | 43524599724868   | 469339429031087  | -249413706008860  | 1783640864794895  | 2532719170052087  | -6021542079991477 | -22672611942859889 | 1385417775479117   | 25457797741384317  | 15212409470706824   | -293860965757446445 | -421796672552175066 | -739907890298874818  | -359496579899035406  | 1767081710130543267  | -9103419799827896320 | -795597708  |
| 6374628540732951412 | -1        | -2        | -7        | -7        | -23       | -4        | 51        | -107      | -322      | -69        | -404       | -497       | -1478      | -1446      | 3148       | -5651      | -72427     | 2324       | -180065    | -73164     | -1070042   | -2913370   | -2556489   | -13152247  | -18307794  | -21400650  | -21970468  | -49244077  | -154493129 | -865963106 | -675026787  | 269282718   | -1936781439 | 11152842629 | -8330016935  | -20375075134 | 4843904084   | -154956898562 | -348410255803 | -57366930449  | -1692439856605 | -1475642885659 | -8535248964530 | -6025906219756 | -16857628299601 | -62685577005613 | -27221312319071 | -198785994498891 | 171238115176440  | 660593922279105  | -943597583604423  | 2827707839263247  | 4070733887796967  | 1851107790825924  | -10035362931120011 | -34178564238813898 | -15400877254369937 | 14534187603609527   | -436091502934230264 | 103753242946746509  | -433954430332814130  | -2277734064379320830 | -1952725388208511715 | -598707373574004736  | -50404127   |
+---------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+-------------------+-------------------+-------------------+-------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+-------------+
querying table alltypes_plain.parquet from parquet schema
+----+----------+-------------+--------------+---------+------------+-----------+------------+------------------+------------+---------------------+
| id | bool_col | tinyint_col | smallint_col | int_col | bigint_col | float_col | double_col | date_string_col  | string_col | timestamp_col       |
+----+----------+-------------+--------------+---------+------------+-----------+------------+------------------+------------+---------------------+
| 4  | true     | 0           | 0            | 0       | 0          | 0         | 0          | 30332f30312f3039 | 30         | 2009-03-01T00:00:00 |
| 5  | false    | 1           | 1            | 1       | 10         | 1.1       | 10.1       | 30332f30312f3039 | 31         | 2009-03-01T00:01:00 |
| 6  | true     | 0           | 0            | 0       | 0          | 0         | 0          | 30342f30312f3039 | 30         | 2009-04-01T00:00:00 |
| 7  | false    | 1           | 1            | 1       | 10         | 1.1       | 10.1       | 30342f30312f3039 | 31         | 2009-04-01T00:01:00 |
| 2  | true     | 0           | 0            | 0       | 0          | 0         | 0          | 30322f30312f3039 | 30         | 2009-02-01T00:00:00 |
+----+----------+-------------+--------------+---------+------------+-----------+------------+------------------+------------+---------------------+
querying table null_list.parquet from parquet schema
+-----------+
| emptylist |
+-----------+
| []        |
+-----------+
querying table binary.parquet from parquet schema
+-----+
| foo |
+-----+
| 00  |
| 01  |
| 02  |
| 03  |
| 04  |
+-----+
querying table fixed_length_decimal.parquet from parquet schema
+-------+
| value |
+-------+
| 1.00  |
| 2.00  |
| 3.00  |
| 4.00  |
| 5.00  |
+-------+
dropping table delta_binary_packed.parquet

Compilation finished at Sat Feb 18 11:26:43

👍 looks very nice

[alamb]

The CI failure seems unrelated to this PR so merging this one in. THanks @jaylmiller

https://github.com/apache/arrow-datafusion/actions/runs/4212165207/jobs/7311048020

[ursabot]

Benchmark runs are scheduled for baseline = a7a824a and contender = 5ffa8d7. 5ffa8d7 is a master commit associated with this PR. Results will be available as each benchmark for each run completes.
Conbench compare runs links:
[Skipped ⚠️ Benchmarking of arrow-datafusion-commits is not supported on ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2] ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2
[Skipped ⚠️ Benchmarking of arrow-datafusion-commits is not supported on test-mac-arm] test-mac-arm
[Skipped ⚠️ Benchmarking of arrow-datafusion-commits is not supported on ursa-i9-9960x] ursa-i9-9960x
[Skipped ⚠️ Benchmarking of arrow-datafusion-commits is not supported on ursa-thinkcentre-m75q] ursa-thinkcentre-m75q
Buildkite builds:
Supported benchmarks:
ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2: Supported benchmark langs: Python, R. Runs only benchmarks with cloud = True
test-mac-arm: Supported benchmark langs: C++, Python, R
ursa-i9-9960x: Supported benchmark langs: Python, R, JavaScript
ursa-thinkcentre-m75q: Supported benchmark langs: C++, Java