Fix CLR startup issues provided by Clang sanitizer #15849

As part of #15298, attempt fix the clr startup issues so that test-specific sanitizer output can be determined and evaluated.

Currently, when the sanitizers are enabled, several messages from the undefined behavior sanitizer are displayed when any program is run:
/src/inc/clrhost.h:137:30: runtime error: call to function CExecutionEngine::GetTlsData() through pointer to incorrect function type 'void ()()'

/src/coreclr/hosts/unixcoreruncommon/coreruncommon.cpp:336:22: runtime error: call to function coreclr_initialize through pointer to incorrect function type 'int ()(const char *, const char *, int, const char *, const char *, void *, unsigned int *)'
/src/dlls/mscoree/unixinterface.cpp:187: note: coreclr_initialize defined here

/src/inc/clrhost.h:137:30: runtime error: call to function ClrFlsGetBlockGeneric() through pointer to incorrect function type 'void *()()'
/src/utilcode/clrhost_nodependencies.cpp:768: note: ClrFlsGetBlockGeneric() defined here

/src/inc/clrhost.h:184:30: runtime error: call to function ClrFlsGetBlockGeneric() through pointer to incorrect function type 'void *()()'

/src/vm/object.cpp:2633:5: runtime error: member call on null pointer of type 'Object'

/src/vm/object.cpp:2712:5: runtime error: member call on null pointer of type 'Object'

/src/gc/handletablecore.cpp:1987:42: runtime error: shift exponent 64 is too large for 32-bit type 'unsigned int'

/src/debug/ee/debugger.cpp:2351:24: runtime error: reference binding to null pointer of type 'const InteropSafe'

/src/debug/ee/controller.cpp:894:26: runtime error: reference binding to null pointer of type 'const InteropSafe'

/src/inc/random.h:108:30: runtime error: signed integer overflow: 1855390761 - -1417746578 cannot be represented in type 'int'

/src/gc/gc.cpp:9922:14: runtime error: member access within null pointer of type 'WKS::gc_heap'

/src/inc/sstring.inl:2090:20: runtime error: left shift of negative value -1

/src/pal/src/map/map.cpp:1588:35: runtime error: member access within null pointer of type 'MAPPED_VIEW_LIST' (aka 'CorUnix::_MVL')

There is also an address sanitizer error (these errors stop processing so it is blocking)
==51212==ERROR: AddressSanitizer: stack-buffer-underflow on address 0x7ffd252450df at pc 0x7fe3711c2a68 bp 0x7ffd25244f70 sp 0x7ffd25244f68
READ of size 1 at 0x7ffd252450df thread T0
#0 0x7fe3711c2a67 in CMiniMdBase::UsesAllocatedMemory(CMiniColDef*) /src/md/runtime/metamodel.cpp:1240:5